The Importance Of Tattoos - 1195 Words

Whether it is a dragon, tribal marking, Asian character, or a simple phrase, thousands of people get tattoos daily. Tattoos have played a significant role in self-expression and identity since ancient times. Tattoos can be recreational, cultural, symbolic, or just stylistic. For some people, it is an expression of identity and personal beliefs. This is exactly the case for Leslie Jamison. She tells the story of her tattoo in â€Å"Mark My Words. Maybe.† The Latin phrase â€Å"homo sum: humani nil a me alienum puto† is on Jamison’s forearm. In English, this translates to â€Å"I am human: nothing human is alien to me.† This is a quote about understanding and accepting humanity (Jamison 458). Throughout her story, she elaborates on her personal reasons for†¦show more content†¦A task such as redefining identity to improve one’s life can be daunting. Since this identity is so important, especially to Jamison, a tattoo is necessary to ensure it s continual significance and relevance in her life. Consider the tattoo itself. It is an ancient quote that is both motivational and inspirational. Since the tattoo is in Latin rather than English, it draws the attention of many random strangers that Jamison encounters. Whenever she explains the translation of the tattoo, the inquirer immediately questions the motives behind it, and the assumption that she claims to understand humanity (Jamison 459) offends him. Throughout her experience, people approach Jamison about the tattoo, and each time she receives a response that she dislikes. Jamison tells this story to demonstrate the significance and symbolism of a tattoo. She wants to demonstrate that a simple phrase can mean so much more about a person’s identity and its representation of that person; however, they do not know what Jamison has been through and do not understand the personal meaning it holds for her. Although she claims it was not her initial intention, Jamison learns to accept the attention she receives from it. S he explains that the purpose of her tattoo is to attract attention, be aspirational, and cause admiration. She also claims that it serves the purpose of the opposite of all of those things (Jamison 460). TheShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Tattoos721 Words   |  3 Pagesgigantic tattoo of a skull on his forearm. He did not think that a simple birthday gift would hinder him from landing this new job at a very popular law firm at the age of twenty-six. Tattoos have become a new trend for the generation today. In some work places, there are strict rules on having tattoos. A tattoo can cost you a certain position or it can even hinder you from getting a job. I do not think having tattoos are big deals and it should not determine a persons work ethic. Every tattoo has aRead MoreEffects Of Tattoos On Society s Society1392 Words   |  6 PagesEffects of Tattoos on Society Having a moral acceptance toward others is an important aspect in sustaining a happy and fulfilled life, but maybe some things that are quite visible can be hard to look past. Tattoos are one of the most controversial topics when it comes to professionalism mixing with open mindedness. People all across the world have tattoos and are now seen in everyday society. Tattoos have also gone back thousands of years and in some cultures were celebrated, or shown for culturalRead MoreTattoos And Its Impact On Society1384 Words   |  6 Pagescan be hard to look past. Tattoos are one of the most controversial topics when it comes to professionalism mixing with open mindedness. People all across the world have tattoos and are now seen in everyday society. Tattoos have also gone back thousands of years and in some cultures were celebrated, or shown for cultural reasons. Furthermore, the U.S. military is now integrating new policies on tattoos, ensuring the domestication, and acceptance of tatt oos. Effects of tattoos on modern day society haveRead MoreTattoos and Body Piercings as and Art Form992 Words   |  4 PagesAshley Beth Logan Manuscript Speech D. Webb Speech 106 Tattoos and Body Piercings Good evening. I would like to start by asking how many of you have a tattoo or piercing other than your ears. Did you know that in most work environments, you are usually not even considered for employment if you’re tattoo or piercing is visible during the interview? I am one of the many people who believe tattoos and body piercings are a form of self expression. However, there are still that few out there whoRead MoreAnalysis Of Leslie Jamisons Mark My Words. Maybe1433 Words   |  6 Pagesa simple phrase, thousands of people get tattoos daily. Tattoos play a significant role in self-expression and identity in the modern age as well as since ancient times. Tattoos can be just for fun, symbolic of heritage and ancestry, representative of accomplishments or life eve nts, or can be just for style. For some people, it’s an expression of identity and personal beliefs. This is exactly the case for Leslie Jamison. She tells the story of her tattoo in â€Å"Mark My Words. Maybe.† On Jamison’s forearmRead MoreThe Essence of Tattoos735 Words   |  3 PagesThe Essence of Tattoos Tattoos have likely been at the top of the list as the most discussed topic amongst the different social classes. There is a divide between societies understanding of tattoos, those who oppose them identify tattoos as being a form of â€Å"taboo† and is associated with a type of body modification that is seen as distasteful in nature. Others believe tattoos are a form of one’s own self-expression. Although tattoos are subjective to each person, we should not completely rule themRead MoreTattoos Are Bad Or Bad?1361 Words   |  6 PagesTattoos are bad. This is something I have been told all my life. My father is a very authoritative figure. He stands at 6’3† and is a cut-to-the-shit type of guy. He makes sure that his views are heard even if it as trivial as talking through a movie to point out an error it made. He is not a fan of anything permanent on someone’s face or body; however, if his view is still unknown to someone, all he or she would have to do is bring up tattoo plans and his view will come out shortly after. OneRead MoreResearch Report : What Are Tattoos1641 Words   |  7 PagesReport: What are Tattoos? Criteria A Name: Amna Saeed Class: MYP 3 Date: 9/29/17 Word count: 1589â€Æ' Research plan: What Why Time Priority Primary Research Secondary Research What are tattoos? To have knowledge about tattoos and can differentiate between tattoos and other products. 9/29/2017 High ïÆ' ¼ What is the history of tattoos? For inspiration from past ideas and products. 9/29/2017 Medium ïÆ' ¼ Are tattoos unacceptable? To know the opinions of society and how they affect types of tattoos. 9/29/2017Read MoreThe Marine Corps Should Have No Restrictions On Tattoos Essay867 Words   |  4 Pagesthat is tattoos. I am here to argue that tattoos can view as freedom of expression, strong Naval tradition, and more importantly no hindrance on job performance. The Marine Corps should have no restrictions on tattoos. Over the past 50 years’ tattoos have continued to grow in popularity, yet the Marine Corps wants to place restrictions on their service members; claiming their policy is design to help their service members to maintain a discipline appearance. It would be proven that tattoo is viewedRead MoreThe History of Tattoos926 Words   |  4 PagesAre tattoos, a permanent marking of the skin for many generations, indicating a rebel or a mischievous male in past generations a now a rising trend? Looking around today, it may seem as though everybody has at least some type o f tattoo on their body, from a small butterfly, to a giant piece of artwork, well detailed and thought about thoroughly. It seems as though trends come and go, like a certain style of clothing, make up, or music type. But are tattoos one? Even though tattoos have recently

Identity Politics In Post-Industrial Revolution Writing.

Identity Politics in Post-Industrial Revolution Writing James Joyce s, The Dead and Melville s, â€Å"Bartleby the Scrivener, are both short stories that critique our relation with identity politics. In this paper, I will argue that both of these works aim to show that a symptom of modernization is that self-deception erodes our humanity. The process of which I build this position in the paper will somewhat mirror the progression of the readings. By this, I will compare and acknowledge the context of these stories and their authors. From there I will describe and contrast the protagonists and their relations with society. Following this, I will weigh in on the protagonist s epiphanies and their resulting actions to break the norms.†¦show more content†¦Now that I have established a basic understanding of the writer s motives, I will begin to uncover their works messages about identity politics. (GABRIEL ANALYSIS) In James Joyce’s story Gabriel is an Irish university teacher, he lives a middle-class life and has no sense of nationalism. When confronted with this lack of Irish pride he admits he does not speak Irish nor does he desire to see more of Ireland. To Gabriel, this separates himself from his company as they, â€Å"reminded him that their grade of culture differed from his. (184) Gabriel adheres to foreign cultures which he finds to be more cultured and sophisticated. It is apparent Gabriel has an ego and a sense of self-entitlement, spawned from his intelligence and independence of Ireland. The next notable thing about Gabriel is like his colleagues, he lives in a routine, every New Year they gather and carry out their traditions. Their lives are parallel to the story Gabriel tells of the horse Johnny; the horse who, after working so long at the mill walking in circles, naturally walked around a statue in town. Similarly, they have done the same for so long , it is all they know and are oblivious to its absurdity. Resulting in a predictable, uneventful tone. Having a sense of superiority with no interest, Gabriel is removed or uncomfortable in each conversation. He deploys daydreams andShow MoreRelatedThe Beginning Of International Liberalism1035 Words   |  5 Pagesproduction but also the end of WWI and the inter-war period economic crisis. The Russian Revolution as an attempt to overthought capitalism, the failed socialist revolutions in Europe and finally the Market crash of 1929 and the impact of the US Great Depression on World Markets. 1939-1973: WWII and the revival of US economy - US the sole healthy economy not influenced by the way yet making profits from the war. Post-WWII world economy guided by US economic principles inscribed in the Breton Wood AgreementRead MoreThe Rise and Fall of Class in Britain9826 Words   |  40 Pagesand selectively, by many social historians who did not regard Marxism as dogmatic, self-evident, incontrovertible truth. In trying to understand and explain the evolution of past societies, Marx believed it was essential to deal not just with the politics of their ruling elites but also with the histories of their whole populations. But how were these whole populations to be encompassed and described in a comprehensive and convincing way? What were the abstract concepts and collective nouns he thoughtRead MoreThe Theory Of Communication Power2139 Words   |  9 Pagesmade throughout to help conclude how impactful the revolution in communications technology was or still is. A transformation of power and advanced communication through an evolved network society In Communication Power Castells begins by re-contextualising and revisiting his previous work on the network society. He then explores organisational communication, drawing on case studies and illustrates the relationships between the media, politics and business. Following on, focusing on politicalRead MoreThe Seven Themes Of History1320 Words   |  6 Pages In AP U.S history there are seven overall themes they mainly focus on, America in the World, Politics and Power; Identity; Ideas Beliefs Culture; Work, Exchange and Technology; Peopling; Environment and Geography. Our history class throughout the entire year, looked at these seven themes and connected them to different time periods. Now it is the end of the year, our final thoughts on the themes and how they helped us understand history better. For me, the seven themes helped me focus more onRead MoreEssay on Global History from the 15th Century2523 Words   |  11 Pagesbuildings, and even looted jewelry and ornaments from the embalmed bodies of deceased Inca rulers (1533). The printing press played a very important role in benefiting the cause of Martin Luther (1483-1546) whose writings condemned the Roman church. Printed editions of Luther’s writings appeared throughout Europe sparking many debates on theological issues. Luther’s supporters and critics took their works to the printers, and religious controversies kept the presses busy turning out pamphlets andRead MoreIndustrial Sociology2647 Words   |  11 Pages1st chapter ( industrial sociology ) Introduction Industrial socio is a comparatively new term which gained popularly about the middle of the 20st Century. An independent branch of the Science of Sociology, the history of the industrial sociology has been traced to trade studies introduced by Elton Mayo and his associate between 1924 -32: Thus Elton Mayo; a known sociologist has been identified as the father of Industrial socio. Meaning The term’ industrial sociology includes two termsRead MorePost Wwii Culture On The United States2399 Words   |  10 PagesPost WWII culture in the United States was built on conformity and intolerance, and free spirits, anti-capitalists, and homosexuals had been repressed. After the victory of the Second World War the constrained consumer demand drove the U.S. economy to grow exponentially. The automobile industry effectively converted back to producing cars and previously minor industries such as aviation and electronics grew into major corporations. A housing boom, that had been influenced by easily affordable mortgagesRead MoreTransition From Empire to Modern State System in the Middle East1957 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction: Middle East considers one of the most studied areas in the world due to its rich history of politics, social, economic, and its culture and civilization. Its borders are still arguable geographically, generally in the west it starts from morocco until Iran in the east, however, many scholars don’t agree on including Turkey either as a Middle Eastern or as a European country (Milton-Edwards, 2006. P: 4). The origin of the name was invented by the colonies as a necessity to describeRead MoreCaribbean Crucible: History, Culture, and Globalization4302 Words   |  18 Pagesfirst industries, starting in the sixteenth century. At that time, industrial techniques and a rational approach to time management were applied to the production and export of sugar, tobacco, and other commodities to be consumed by the burgeoning European urban bourgeois, artisan, and working-classes. These industries, in the forms of plantations and haciendas of various sizes, presaged and enabled Europes Ind ustrial Revolution. These new enterprises were worked by millions of enslaved AfricansRead MoreWhat Is the Purpose of Inner Conflict (Poet vs Skinhead) in Tony Harrison ’S V?2105 Words   |  9 Pagesinsist that this conflict of skinhead and the poet springs out from an internal conflict of Harrison‘s, and his anxiety about his identity. I definitely share the opinion of many critics that, there is an â€Å"alienated† skinhead within the poet, an â€Å"alter ego† that creates division and tension in his existence as a persona. This immense fear of the poet of losing his identity, of not knowing who he really is now, a poet or a raged â€Å"skinhead† with intellectual skills, creates dichotomy in his identification

Should Sports Doping Be Banned - 2190 Words

Doping in Sports As Richard (Dick) Butkus once said, â€Å"There is a myth out there that somehow anabolic steroids can turn a cub into a bear. Steroids won’t make you tough and competitive. What they will do is ruin your health. It’s that simple.† The use of prohibited substances in sports has had a major timeline. Using drugs in sports goes back to ancient times. Prohibited substances are used in almost every single sport. Doping in sports is definitely a form of cheating. The athletes who use drugs are gaining an edge over the athletes who are working hard and respecting the sport to get where they want to be and it is not fair to them. This topic is important because doping in sports has been a major problem since forever. Doping in sports really affects your health and there are athletes out there that have died from using drugs in sports. People think that doping in sports is completely wrong and definitely cheating because the athletes who are using drugs in sports are getting an edge over the ones who aren’t using drugs and working their asses off to get where they want to be and it just isn’t fair to them. Doping in sports has been a major problem since forever. Athletes in sports are finding ways to use drugs in sports and not get caught and that is unacceptable. As stated in the article of â€Å"Doping†, here is a fact founded, â€Å"Doping is a term that refers to the use of prohibited substances to improve an athlete’s performance in sporting events. Most people considerShow MoreRelatedUse of Steroids by Athletes Essay1538 Words   |  7 Pagesoffered a banned performance enhancing substance that comes with two guarantees: 1) You will not be caught. 2). You will win every competition you enter for the next five years and then you will die from the side effects of the substance. Would you take it? More than half the athletes said yes. As we can infer from the above survey, a large number of professi onal athletes are willing to risk their lives for the chance of victory and recognition. The controversy of doping in sports is centeredRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Steroids In Sports951 Words   |  4 PagesSteroids in sports has been one of the biggest controversial topics since 1904 when Olympic marathon runner, Thomas Hicks, used a mixture of brandy and strychnine and nearly died. However, the use of PED’s (performance enhancing drugs) dates all the back to 776 BC with the Ancient Greek athletes. In sports todays the question is whether or not these types of drugs should be banned from competition. In sports today it is all about entertaining the common people. Americans tune in every night to watchRead MoreGene Doping Essay1278 Words   |  6 PagesGene Doping is defined as using â€Å"Forbidden substances or methods to increase physical and or mental performance† (go.galegroup.com). Gene doping is banned from athletics, and very dangerous to use, mainly for the body. There are some pluses to the drug, it helps with dangerous diseases, helps people gain strength back, and also helps them become more resistant to being winded. Even though it is good for the sick, for the healthy it plays the same role but it is very dangerous because there areRead MoreDoping Testing And Doping Tests1350 Words   |  6 PagesDoping dates back to ancient Greek where athletes took special diets to make themselves stronger. In the 19th Century, substances such as caffeine, alcohol and cocaine were used to enhance performance among long distance athletes. In 1904, for example, Thomas H icks won the marathon by taking raw eggs, doses of brandy administered during the race and injections of strychnine. By the year 1920s, people realized that restrictions had to be created regarding the use of drugs in sports. In 1928, IAAFRead MoreThe Greatest Cycling Doping Scheme Fell Apart Around The Ringleader Essay1686 Words   |  7 Pagesthe greatest cycling doping scheme fell apart around the ringleader, Lance Armstrong. He was called a cheat, bully, and stripped of all seven of his consecutive Tour De France yellow jerseys. At the heart of all of this was a drug called EPO and a method called blood doping. In an investigation by the International Cycling Union (UCI) they found that the period between 1990 and 2000 to as an â€Å"epo epidemic† (Lodewijkx 3). And even now dozens of professional athletes get banned over the use of thisRead MoreSteroids and Sports Don’t Mix Essay1662 Words   |  7 PagesThe problems of doping in sports began to surface in the late 1950s, because of rumors that coaches were allowing players to use performance-enhancing drugs. The 1956 Olympic Games where plagued with athletes using performance-enhancing drugs, so countries began to speak out against the harm that drugs were causing to the athletes and the sport (6 Anonymous). Long-term use of performance-enhancing drugs will destroy athletes bodies. Doping is the use of illegal substances that is harmful toRead MoreThe Legalization Of Steroids Should Be Beneficial For The World Of Sport1226 Words   |  5 Pagesduring high school with the introduction of organized sport teams. The perspective against the legalization of steroids believes in the many benefits of legalization. The perspective for the legalization of steroid expresses the harmful effects of steroids. My view of the subject is that I am against the legalization of steroids. The perspective for the legalization of steroids believes in benefits. The article â€Å"Performance-Enhancing Drugs Should Be Legalized.† by Stephen Wang focuses on the ideaRead MoreSports Will Either Be A School Of Virtue Or A School Of1254 Words   |  6 PagesSports will either be a school of virtue or a school of vice, and that s why the epidemic of cheating in professional sports is, and ought to be, a huge cultural concern† (Landry, 2012, para. 1). Professional sports are littered with cheating scandals and as technology advances so will access to new and clever techniques. There are many ways to cheat in sports, such as fixing games, placing bets on teams, lying about your age, and the biggest one of them all, taking performance enhancing substancesRead MoreBlood Doping : Can We Beat It?1347 Words   |  6 PagesBlood Doping: Can We Beat It? All humans, no matter what religion, skin color, age, or gender, have blood streaming through out our bodies. Blood rushes oxygen around the body, pulls carbon dioxide out of the body, sends white blood cells to fight illness and infection, is produced in the bone marrow, carries platelets and fibers that close up wounds, and comes in the types A, B, AB, and O, with type O being a universal blood donor. Blood is not just imperative, it is irreplaceable. Doctors canRead MoreA Letter to the Minister of Sports in Singapore863 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿A Letter to the Minister of Sport in Singapore Dear Sir: Millions of people worldwide wonder why competitive athletes cant just use their natural God-given strengths and talent and hence, eliminate the tedious reports of cheating in sports. This letter delves into the issues that officials and team administrators deal with vis-à  -vis banned substances, and takes the position that society urgently must find solutions for cheating in sports. I hope you have time to give consideration to the materials

J.D. Salinger, the author of The Catcher in the Rye, uses...

J.D. Salinger, the author of The Catcher in the Rye, uses the behaviour of protagonist Holden Caulfield to shape his personality in the way he alienates himself from the rest of the world. Holden alienates himself from the society he lives in, his relationships with others and also the relationship he has with himself. Holden struggles to cope with the fact that eventually he will have to grow up and so will everyone around him. Holden see’s the world not being perfect as a huge problem that he alone has to fix because everyone else is too much of a ‘phony’ to do it. The novel explores Holden’s weekend after he got kicked out of his fourth school, Pency Prep, and the struggles he faces with alienating himself. Holden Caulfield alienates†¦show more content†¦Thats one nice thing about carousels, they always play the same songs.† (pg. 189) The carousel that Holden used to visit as a child still played the same song giving him hope that if the carrousel didn’t have to change over a such a long period time maybe he didn’t have to as well. By Salinger describing the young mind frame of Holden it is seen how his obsession with his world not changing can cause him to alienate himself as he feels as though if he is alone, he can control the way his own world works. Holden as a character displays the alienation of himself through his behaviour. Holden is not the same as many people and believes that everyone is a ‘phony’. Throughout the novel Holden realises more and more that he is different and sees the world differently to others around him. Holden has created an identity for himself and doesn’t want that to be diminished therefore he alienates himself from the rest of society to decrease the chances of that happening. Holden’s old school, Pency Prep, has the motto â€Å"since 1888 we have been shaping young boys into splendid, clear-thinking men.† (pg. 2) This increases Holden’s motivation to leave the school as it will be shaping his identity into something he doesn’t want to be; a man. Holden is all about protecting those younger than him from the dangerous world of adult hood and by alienating himself he feels he has a better chance ofShow MoreRelatedF. Salinger s The Catcher Of The Rye1121 Words   |  5 Pagescountries, J.D Salinger’s Catcher In The Rye deals with Holden Caulfield’s past trauma which is the triggering factor in his depression, anxiety and alienation. Holden tells an unnamed person what has happened in the three days prior to his mental breakdown. Through Holden’s relatable characteristics and Salinger’s narrative treatment, the book continues to engage audiences across generations. The way that Salinger writes gives the audience a very personal and insightful look into what Holden is feelingRead MoreText Response: the Catcher in the Rye1379 Words   |  6 PagesText Response: The Catcher in the Rye The novel, The Catcher in he Rye, written by J.D. Salinger was set in the late 1940 - early 1950s in New York. This novel explores the themes of loneliness, relationships and deception though the use of literary devices. Many symbols are used to enhance our understanding of the novel; such as Holden Caulfield s red hunting hat, the museum of Natural History, the ducks in Central Park Lagoon and the carousel. The author gives us an insight into the life ofRead MoreThe Perks Of Being A Wallflower2078 Words   |  9 PagesIn both Steven Chbosky and J.D. Salinger’s coming of age novels ‘The Perks of Being a Wallflower’ and ‘The Catcher in the Rye’ both authors successfully explore the idea of entering adulthood as an outsider. The Perks of Being a Wallflower follows a fifteen-year-old boy, Charlie. Charlie has recently lost his best friend Michael to suicide and is struggling to come to terms with his death. He is in his freshman year of high school and struggles to fit in socially, until he meets a group of seniorsRead MoreReview Of The Catcher Rye And Huckleberry Finn 1497 Words   |  6 Pagesrejection is highly predominant in both The Catcher in the Rye and Huckleberry Finn. Both plotlines constantly intertwine with the concept of dismissal from peers, family and society. Despite being set in eras nearing a century apart; these novels perfectly encapsulate conflicts within their cultures. Huckleberry Finn is set in the 1840’s – a time when slavery was still yet to be abolished in America’s southern states. Throughout the novel, Twain uses the prejudice towards those affected as a moralRead MoreA Pessimistic Adolescent Is Not What Most Consider A Reliable Narrator1295 Words   |  6 PagesA pessimistic adolescent is not what most consider a reliable narrator, but author J.D. Salinger challenges this commonly held thought with his coming-of-age novel The Catcher in the Rye. The reader is introduced to Holden Caulfield, a secondary school junior that is outcasted and aimless upon expulsion from yet another preparatory school in a post-World War II world. Salinger weaves a myriad of comparisons of genuinity and disingenuousness into his work, each explored through a facet of Caulfield’s

Quantitative Critique Free Essays

string(95) " in the limitations section and was noted to be limited for detecting linear trends over time\." The title is specific and concise, it is representative of the research report. From the title the focus of the study is understood including what was studied, who was studied, and where the study took place. It is also accurate and unambiguous. We will write a custom essay sample on Quantitative Critique or any similar topic only for you Order Now The title also described the study design, therefore the reader was not mislead on the data presented. Researcher credibility Each of the three researchers credentials and affiliations are disclosed on the first page of the article. All of the researchers have credentials in nursing research, however none of them disclosed any information on their expertise in the area of depression, interventions to decrease depressive symptoms, or working with incarcerated women. According to Coughlan, Cronin, Ryan (2007) â€Å"an authors qualifications and job title can be a useful indicator into the researchers knowledge of the area under investigation and ability to ask the appropriate questions. The first author held a clinical position in the institution, this was not disclosed until further into the article, I feel that this information could have been disclosed sooner in the article. This could possibly hold a conflict of interest, especially if the incarcerated women were familiar with the first author. The first authors clinical position in the prison enhances the study findings as he has worked with the population. However, this could be conflict of interest since he is an employee of the institution. Abstract The abstract is concise and summarizes the whole study. Also read this  Critique of Stuff Is Not Salvation It is divided into subsections of background, objectives, methods, results, discussion, and key words. The objective is clearly stated, which is to determine the feasibility of providing a gender-responsive exercise intervention within a correctional facility and observe the effects of the exercise program in respect to levels of depression symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and perceived stress among incarcerated women. The methods are listed and clearly stated which include 3 self-administered instruments which were completed before treatment and during treatment. This section allowed the reader to fully understand how the authors conducted the study. The results section highlighted the findings from the study and makes the reader want to continue reading the article. Even though the sample size was very small. The discussion section reviewed the findings. Introduction/ background and literature review â€Å"The introduction communicates the research problem and its context† (Polit Beck, p. 63). In this article, a good background description of what the problem is (incarcerated women and mental illness) with supporting evidence is presented. The article provides a thorough description on why this research is important, one reason states is that most treatment modalities are often based on male treatment models or models that have shown success in community-based populations rather than incarcerated populations (Harner, et. al. , p. 390) The review begins with stating evidence on depression, anxiety, and stress within the prison system, especially among women. It also provides a detailed description of Iyengar yoga and health. The section is well organized with good transitions. Several sources were reviewed by the authors in order to establish a need for the study. The literature reviewed by the authors dates from 1996 to 2009, with mainly primary sources and all were relevant to the topic of mental illness, incarcerated women, or Iyengar yoga. The articles reviewed that were not recent gave statistical data and may have been more relevant if the statistics were more recent. All the articles were relevant to the problem and stressed the degree of mental illness in incarcerated women. The article also noted that most research available has examined the effect of yoga and yoga-based exercises on mental health outcomes using a variety of different yoga styles, thus making it difficult to determine what aspect was most beneficial (Harner, et. al. , p. 390). Thus this research study being done fills a gap to the existing knowledge and will hopefully provide better treatment options for incarcerated women with mental illness. The use of direct quotes was minimal throughout the article. The research problem has significance to nursing, however this was not made very clear in the article. Purpose/ Research Question/ Hypothesis The purpose of the study was explicitly stated, â€Å"testing the feasibility of implementing a group format exercise intervention, specifically a 12-week Iyengar yoga intervention, in a woman’s correctional facility† (Harner, et. al. , p. 389). The phenomenon of interest was clearly defined, as was the study population. The articles reviewed showed key evidence to support yoga and decreased levels of depression. The authors clearly described the limitations of the literature review to the reader, there was no published studies that reviewed Iyengar yoga and incarcerated individuals. Theoretical framework. The theoretical framework is based on the gender-responsive framework. It is unclear whether this is a nursing or non-nursing framework as it is not clearly defined. The gender-responsive framework is not clearly explained, thus making it difficult to determine its appropriateness for the study. This is one limitation of the stud y and could be addressed by clearly explaining the gender-responsive framework. Sampling The study population (incarcerated women) using non-probability purposive sampling was clearly stated and defined. The article discussed that this study was part of a larger study and a small sample size was expected. Exclusion criteria was clearly stated. Due to security issues the Department of Corrections generated and approved the list of potential participates before being contacted by the research team. This non-random sample or convenience sample generated 60 women, in which 21 agreed to participate in the intervention. Retention of the sample population was clearly defined in the article with only 6 women completing the 12-week intervention. Due to the security concerns this method of sampling was the best approach. All factors were discussed in regards to the sample size with demographics clearly defined. The sample size is important in quantitative research as a small sample is at risk of being overly representative of small subgroups within the target population (Coughlan, et. al. , 2007). The issue of power was addressed in the limitations section and was noted to be limited for detecting linear trends over time. You read "Quantitative Critique" in category "Papers" Ethics Ethical issues were discussed in this article. The authors state that informed consent was obtained in each case, although the method in which consent was obtained was changed prior to the first inmates appointment. The issue of incentive gifts was also addressed and were not used. The inmate did receive a certificate of completion at the end of the 12-week intervention. The research protocol for this study was approved by all institutional review boards including the DOC. The site for the interviews and site for the intervention were described. Privacy of the intervention was not discussed, however for approximately 2 weeks the intervention was relocated to a different location within the institution. The treatment of Iyengar yoga is ethically and politically acceptable. The risks to the inmates were participated in the study were minimized and the benefits maximized. Design. The design was a feasibility study or pilot study. It is based on a experimental method, where there is a manipulated intervention. According to Polit Beck (2012) â€Å"a pilot study is a small scale version or trial run designed to test the methods to be used in a larger, more rigorous study†. This was an effective design choice to answer the research question and to determine the need for a larger study. This design allowed the authors a chance to remove all the potential flaws before the larger study. There was no random assignment in this study as there was no control group, all participants were included in the yoga intervention. There was a consultant used in the study, but she had experience with medical research and has also conducted yoga-related intervention research with women. This consultants prior experience made her a trained member of the research team. The number of data collection points was appropriate. The participants were assessed on mental health measures of depression using 3 instruments to measure they were recorded at baseline, 4, 8, and 12 weeks. Interviewer bias was removed removed with the use of the 3 self-administered instruments, however the first author was present during the time. The use of open-ended questions was also used and supplemented the quantitative data. This was helpful as participants were able to put their thoughts into words. The intervention of yoga was properly described through various journal articles and was properly implemented. However, one part of the yoga intervention that could have been better implemented was the use of a space that was quite and free of outside interference. The article did address these issues, but didn’t address what could have been done differently. This study analyzed attrition biases by comparing data to subjects who dropped out of the study. Another factor affecting internal validity is that of maturation, the participants mental health factor could have increased or decreased over time. Blinding was not used as all participants knew they were going to participate in the intervention of yoga. Data collection All experimental research must included a method for evaluating the effects of the independent variable on the dependent variable. This study used three instruments that were identified and each was discussed in full detail. The open-ended questions were also described and examples of questions were provided. The instruments used were appropriate for the study as each targeted a different dimension of depression, anxiety, and stress. Each of the previously designed instruments were the most appropriate. The one concern on the data collection method is that the instruments were self-administered at the end of yoga class (weeks 4, 8, and 12). It was stated that some participants felt particularly anxious about the yoga session ending late, which would result in disciplinary action. By making the data collection at the end of the yoga intervention did some participants rush, making their data less accurate. The reliability and validity of each of the 3 instruments used in the study were discussed and each showed consistency in measuring the specific outcomes. The operational definition is congruent for the variables being studied (depression symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and perceived stress at baseline). There is no concern for subjectivity as each participant individually fills out the 3 instruments that are being used in the study. Data analysis When percentages were reported in the study, the overall numbers (n) was also reported. The research question was appropriately analyzed and broken down into the 3 instruments used to measure mental health. The varying sample sizes are noted through the tables and were clearly defined in the article as participants dropped out of the study. There was no room for type I and II errors, as the data analysis was straight-forward. There was no chance for different interpretations on the part of the researcher. A p-value was used as one statistical methods used and it represented an overall linear decrease over time, however the article suggests that a nonlinear model may be more appropriate. The p-value was an appropriate test to run, however it doesn’t tell weather the findings are important or applicable. The regression analysis was an appropriate test in answering the research question. This was appropriate because in simple regression one dependent variable (depression, anxiety, and stress) can be compared to the independent variable (weeks when instruments administered). However, there were not a lot of statistical tests run on the data, this could be due to the fact that there was no control group to compare the data with. The least square means method and the mixed model parameters were used to treat the data. The article also charted out the descriptive statistics for mental health measures over time. This was a helpful chart as it laid out the data collected in an easy to read format. All data collected due to the small sample size and limited power, comparisons were made and hypothesis were generated to be tested in the larger study (Harner, et. al. , p. 392). A one-sided Fisher’s exact test was used and p-values were less than . 20 for associations between drop-out and race, education, and current musculoskeletal problems (Harner, et. l. , p. 395). This was the correct test to be used because it tested the significance of differences in proportions (Polit, Beck, p. 421). Results The results were cohesively presented and well organized using many tables and graphs that clearly outlined the findings of the study. The purpose of the study was referenced at the beginning of the results section making it clear was was being presented. The research questions were answered and statistical evidence was provided to show outcomes measures. Statistical significance was found for depression, but not for anxiety or stress. Statistical significance assists the researcher in ruling out one important threat to validity, which is that the result could be due to chance rather than to real difference in the population (Coughlan, et. al. , p. 662). The small sample size could have been a factor in this findings. Descriptive statistics were presented, then inferential statistics were discussed including a discussion on participant dropout. A figure was created to show the assessment of dropout according to baseline mental health status, this figure was a little busy and quite difficult to read. A bar chart may have been more useful to depict this data. A post hoc power analysis was also performed. This was done so the researchers could determine whether the yoga intervention was significantly more effective than no intervention. While reading the results section of the article the descriptive results were presented last. I feel as though another header could have been added to include the logistics of the study and then proceed into the reults. Discussion In the discussion section, all of the findings from the study are discussed within the original framework. The discussion section was broken down into three sections feasibility, efficacy, and limitations. The section extended beyond the results section and addressed some unanticipated events that came up during the study and how the intervention was able to continue despite these events. The problem of retention of participants was brought up and with suggestions on how to minimize these dropouts in further studies. Researchers referred back to literature cited in the literature review. The limitations are addressed concisely and are appropriate for this feasibility study. The researches addressed the fact that a control group was not used due to security reasons, I feel that this could have been addressed earlier in the paper to assist the reader in fully understanding the statistical data. Implications/ recommendations Specific recommendations for research are discussed at the conclusion of the article. The researchers defined numerous areas of improvement for future studies. Barriers to the study were also addressed. The researchers addressed that this was the first attempt in addressing a gender-responsive Iyengar yoga program to improve confidence and reduce the stress of incarcerated women (Harner, et. l. , p. 398). Recommendations were made for future studies and ways in which to improve future interventions to benefit health outcomes of incarcerated populations. Overall evaluation It was quite interesting to see how the yoga intervention affected the incarcerated women in regards to depression, anxiety, and stress. The researchers selected an i mportant problem and one that could have strong effects in our state or federal prison system for women. Critical thinking and reflection were evident in that the researchers at one time had to change the study location due to extenuating circumstances. The research study expanded knowledge on the effects of the Iyengar yoga intervention on incarcerated women and opened the door for future studies to be performed. The limitations were unavoidable and expected as this was a feasibility study to determine the need for a larger study. The results leave a small amount of confidence that the yoga intervention decreased the level of depression, anxiety, and stress among incarcerated women. However, a larger study involving numerous women’s correctional institutions that included both a control and experimental group may yield more confidence. This study inspired the need for further research. This article is worthy of publication as it lays a ground work for future research. I would be proud to have my name on this research as it is groundbreaking and hopefully will create a better tool to treat mental illness in our correctional facilities than psychotropic medications alone. The finding are relevant and accessible to practicing nurses in correctional facilities. This may pave a way for nurses in these types of facilities to create interventions that help with a wide array of health problems. How to cite Quantitative Critique, Papers

Sondag Essay Example For Students

Sondag Essay S?ndagScene 1Sverre s?v diagonalt over senga mens han siklar p? puta. Han er i djup s?vn. Buksa er halvvegs p? og skjorta er p? vranga. Det er ein ?lflekk p? skjorta. Scene 2Mora roper fr? trappa. ?du m? vakna no, frukost!? Sverre vaknar raskt. Han ser forskrekka rundt seg. Augene er raude mens munnen st?r p? vidt gap. H?rfrisyren hans er heilt omforma. Han har eit kvalmande uttrykkje i ansiktet. Han svarar. ?komme!? mens han strekkjer kroppen sin. Scene 3Han reiser seg og sitter p? sengekanten med henda over ansiktet. S?nn sitter han ei lita stund mens han st?nner litt mens han mumlar l?gt. ?Komme? Og han tar seg p? hovudet som han hadde vondt. Scene 4Mora roper igjen. ?kommer du?! No blir maten kald?. Sverre sitter enda med hovudet mellom beina. ?jaaaaa!? roper han irritert tilbake og reiser seg for ? g? til badet. Han tar av seg kleda han har p? seg og bytter dei med noen andre som henger p? stolen p? rommet hans. Scene 5Han ser seg i spegelen. Augene liggje p? halvgl?tt. Han tar p? springen og dyppar ansiktet i kaldt vatn. Han t?rker seg i handklede og g?r ned trappa for ? ete s?ndags-frukost med mor og far. Scene 6Han fiksar seg ein siste gang, der han t?rkar seg i ansiktet og rettar seg opp. Han ser nerv?s ut. Han rettar p? kleda sine og spaserer ut p? kj?kkener der Far og Mor sitter. Han h?yrer radioen st?r p? og at dei diskuterer noko. Scene 7Han kommer in. Det blir br?tt stille. Far og mor slutter ? snakke. Far snur seg. Litle s?stera hans Hilde sitter der ogs?. Sverre sitter seg ned p? kj?kkenstolen. Alle tre ser p? Sverre. Scene 8Far kva er det s? feiler deg da? Er du sjuk? Sp?r han undrande. Sverre ehh?. Nei. Kva d Sp?r han uforst?ande. Far vel, du ser jo ikkje heilt god ut. Sverre god ut? Er no heilt fint eg. Eg sov s? godt. Seie han smilande mens han ser ned p? eit fat fylt med b?nner og poteter. Clip 1(sverre som spyr p? eit do p? ein fest)Mor ska du ikkje eta maten din?Sverre Joda?.men e ikkje s? veldig sulten. Han r?rer gaffelen rundt i b?nnene. Far Kor var du i g?r dMor Han var ? s?g film med nokon kameratar. Var du ikkje?Sverre kva?(Sverre f?ler ikkje heilt med) Ja?jo!Han ser nedi b?nnene. Mor Kva gjor d?ke p? dClip 2 (sverre som dansar, mens han drikke fr? ei sprit flaske.)Sverre Koste oss. Spelte litt data, drakk brus og s?nn. S?g film. Mor Var det nokon jenter der d? ?Far og Mor ler litt. Sverre nei?..ja jo. Bare to venninne. Clip 3 mange jenter drikker alkohol og liggje ? sove i sofaMor Dei s?te jentene som g?r p? kristen koret med deg ? mor virke interessert. Sverre kim d.ehh?.Sigrunn og M?yfrid du snakke om no? Han virke forundra. Far er no s?te dei. Dei som spele blokkfl?yte saman med Hilde? Han ser bort p? Hilde. Hilde Sigrunn og M?yfrid? Ja dei spele blokkfl?yta med ja. Mor Da e dei som e s? flinke og det. Kjempe flinke p? skulen i alle fall. Sverre ja da va dei. Han smile. Igjen ser han ned i b?nnene. Hilde ehh?.da g?r jo ikkje. Dei reiste jo p? ungomssamling for unge kristne i helga. Dei e jo ikkje heima. Clip 4 To jenter speler blokkfl?yte. (er veldig d?rlige.)Far og mor snur seg til Sverre. Og ser forundra p? han. .ubbc0e773f14a319471b3474886347fd3 , .ubbc0e773f14a319471b3474886347fd3 .postImageUrl , .ubbc0e773f14a319471b3474886347fd3 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ubbc0e773f14a319471b3474886347fd3 , .ubbc0e773f14a319471b3474886347fd3:hover , .ubbc0e773f14a319471b3474886347fd3:visited , .ubbc0e773f14a319471b3474886347fd3:active { border:0!important; } .ubbc0e773f14a319471b3474886347fd3 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ubbc0e773f14a319471b3474886347fd3 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ubbc0e773f14a319471b3474886347fd3:active , .ubbc0e773f14a319471b3474886347fd3:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ubbc0e773f14a319471b3474886347fd3 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ubbc0e773f14a319471b3474886347fd3 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ubbc0e773f14a319471b3474886347fd3 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ubbc0e773f14a319471b3474886347fd3 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ubbc0e773f14a319471b3474886347fd3:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ubbc0e773f14a319471b3474886347fd3 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ubbc0e773f14a319471b3474886347fd3 .ubbc0e773f14a319471b3474886347fd3-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ubbc0e773f14a319471b3474886347fd3:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Discounting, Factoring and Forfeiting Sample EssayFar Ja da stemme jo. Det blir heilt stille. Sverre ja da va at dei hadde tenkt ? komma. Men kunne jo ikkje. Far Kas jente va da som var der dSverre ho derre Tanja. Dei som bur rett nedi gata her. Mor og Far ser p? kvarandre og lurer. Clip 5 Bilde av Tanja. (Ser ut som ei prostituert.) Tanja mumlar ho for seg sj?lv. Mor -?.Tanja?.?Mor sp?r forsiktig. Mor e da ho lysae ikkje ho 3 ?r eldre en deg?Sverre ja, ho e vel da. Han ser ned i b?nnene for tredje gang. Mor Kjenne ikkje ho s? godt, e ho kjekk?Sverre kjempe! Ganske sjenert og stille. Clip 6 bilde av Tanja som rote med ein gut, gut seier eg e neste i alle fall!Mor hm. Ok. Sverre tar seg p? hovudet. Far du drakk i g?r du!Sverre ka for noko, nei. Eller eg tok eit par pils. Clip 7 Sverre som sk?ler med mange kamerater, sprit st?r p? bordetMor no skuffe du meg Sverre. Du e jo bare 14 ?r. Sverre bare smakte. M?tte jo pr?va. Og dessutan s? var det ikkje godt heller. Ska aldri drikka da derre meir. Han ser ned i b?nnene for fjerde gang. Far da e bra. Eit par ?l kan vel ikkje vera s? gale, men ikkje noko meir. Ikkje noko alkohol her i huset. Seier han bestemt. Han virke letta. Mor Og ikkje noko r?yk. Da e bare usunt tull. Men s?nt skj?nnar vell du. Guten min. Ho smile til Sverre. Far Me hadde vell lukta da vist han hadde r?ykt. Clip 8 Bilde av ?X-IT? flaska. ?Tar bort lukt uten ? lukte!?. Sverre ja akkurat!Lenge stille, far ser litt i avisa. Mor strikkar litt. Hilde leser i eit blad. Far gjespar. Sverre ser ned i b?nnene. Mor du ser ikkje ut te ? eta da derre du?Sverre skyver tallerken vekk fr? seg. Mor Me ska jo eta middag hoss bestemor i dag. Sverre glimrande! Seier han p? ein ironisk m?te. Mor D? skal me ha lapskaus! Det er s? godt! Med kj?ttbetar, poteter, l?k og masse gr?nsaker. Mmmm. Sverre spyr over heile kj?kkenbordet. Det kommer over alle, mor ,far og Hilde. Dei sitt der sjokka. Det er heilt stille SLUTT.

Half a Defence of Positive Accounting Research - Free Samples

Questions: To detect how epistemology as well as ontology can have an effect on research programs? Identifying how positive accounting research could be used in fulfilling different scientific objective? To evaluate particular paradigm proposed by Kuhn with adequate theories and experiments? Answers: Introduction: The study critically evaluate the article half a defence of positive accounting research, which is been presented by Paul V Dunmore. The study mainly evaluates the article, research questions, and theoretical structure by depicting all the relevant limitations and significance of the article. The overall structure comprises of critical evaluation of the article, which is been presented by Paul V Dunmore. The overall article mainly provides details about positive accounting and the impacts of human behaviour in the accounting background. In addition, the article also evaluates the statistical hypothesis testing and provide adequate rational. Moreover, the article uses Poppers fabrication criterion for evaluating different theories related to positive accounting. Furthermore, the study also evaluates ontology and epistemology of the research program. Moreover, the article also indicates the different challenges, which is faced by theoretical models, which examined under hypothesis testing. The paper mainly provides detailed assumption, why accounting theories should be evaluated based on qualitative data rather than illustrations observations. Summary of the article: The article many aims to identify the positive approach associated with accounting research with the help of ontology and epistemology. In this context, Ball (2013) stated that accounting approach is linked with intellectual property, which could be evaluated by using cause-effect relationship. Moreover, the article has mainly used different theories, which help in identifying the deficiencies in positive accounting. After the overall analysis, it could be understood that there are certain loopholes in accounting research, which reduces its ability to accomplish scientific goals. Besides, the study also evaluates different human behaviour in an organisation, which is faced by direct interactions with different personal, while making decisions. In addition the article also states that both epistemology and ontology is able to detect the deficiencies associated with positive accounting is research. These deficiencies mainly reduce ability of positive accounting to make adequate contrib utions in the accounting sphere. The article also evaluates the intellectual enquiries, which is used for deriving the falsified hypothesis testing (Beattie 2014). Moreover, the article mainly identifies hypothesis testing as the scientific approach, which does not accommodate understanding of specific phenomena in accounting theory. Furthermore, the article explains why ontology and epistemology is used for reducing the falsification, which is presented by hypothesis testing. The use of qualitative positive research mainly allows accommodation of certain accounting phenomenons in the theory. In addition, it also helps in examining different theories and reducing the weaknesses, which was previously presented by statistical hypothesis testing. Furthermore, the article mainly suggests using qualitative positive research for evaluating the final project in positive accounting theory. On the other hand, Bebbington, Unerman and O'Dwyer (2014) mainly argued that statistical tool are only useful when numerical valuation needs to be evaluated, while it loses its friction on theoretical evaluation. However, some of the researchers mentioned that use of hypothesis testing allows an error free evaluation of theories, which could be used for future referencing. The researcher in the article mainly depicts the Poopers criterion, which many states that induction is not sufficient to measure viability of particular theories. Moreover, the article also states that positive accounting theory is based on four testing classes error measurement, internal effects, external effect, and inefficiency of relativity theory. Thus, the researcher depicted in the article that untrustworthy observations could not be used in identifying viability of the theories (Bhaskar 2013). This mainly indicated that observations with falsifying evidence must be discarded based on case report of opposing theories. Poopers criterion mainly stated that the use of adequate trustworthy observations theory could be developed to support positive accounting research. Lastly, the article mainly focuses in dissecting the weaknesses and logic of using statistical tools such as hypothesis testing. The article also states that out of 20 articles one single test was always rejected due to non-compliance with the 5% significance level. Furthermore, the article also depicts the reason for failure of hypothesis testing, which uses null hypothesis on deriving supplementary assumptions. The article also stated that after removing the technical failures in hypothesis testing it could still not help in increasing success probability, as it is a statistical tool, which does not understand certain phenomenal activities (Blankespoor et al. 2013). Thus, the article states that a better measurement theory should be developed to undergo rigorous testing of theoretical models for improving the accounting sphere. However the research questions that is been used in the article is mainly used to examine the following points. To identify the extent positive accounting could help in achieving scientific objectives To evaluate whether positive accounting theory has a much broader notion than positive research program To Pinpoint weather aspects of ontology as well as epistemology can have any impact on particular search program Analysing the impact of Kuhns illustrations, which help in identifying the the ability of positive accounting for attaining its potential. Theoretical Framework: Three are some theoretical framework, which are depicted in the article; this theatrical framework is mainly designed from objectives of the research. Illustration of positive research in accounting: This self interest among parties is the outcome of accounting phenomena, which expresses different contracts in an organisation these phenomena is mainly used for improving financial of company. The positive research in accounting mainly provides different choices, which are conducted by managers in an organisation. This also helps in choosing the adequate accounting practices, which might help managers to undertake relevant pricing and reporting decisions. In this context, Bonin (2013) mainly stated that investors mainly use all the relevant information, which are provided to them for making any investment decisions. This mainly states that behaviour of an individual is rational, while there is no evidence of any types of games occurring in positive accounting. Furthermore, after examining various resources conducted on accounting theory it could be understood that sufficient techniques is used by auditing professionals. Thus, the article depicts the evidence pertaining positive research is broader and bigger than theory of positive accounting. The article effectively states that scientific accountingresearch aims in obtaining an overview of the nature and reasons of phenomenal accounting (Cervone and Pervin 2015). Scientific epistemology and ontology: Both the concept of epistemology and ontology is been depicted in the article, epistemology is mainly identified as an approach, which helps in obtaining an insight of the world, while ontology only aims in depicting the relation between answering the question . Just with the help of epistemology and ontology over issues which is faced by accounting phenomena could be evaluated. The use of epistemology mainly helps in understanding the experience of individuals and descriptions of the participants. However, it is not possible to observers to quantify the world prospective of experience or individuals (Chen et al. 2013). The main issue, which has been identified, is exploration of meaning in experience regarding positive research. In addition, issue of identifying the exact meaning and experience with the visuals is futile, as everyone has their own will that might lead to causes, which does not consent scientific studies (Crawford and Lepine 2013). Identification of an adequate program related to positive result: The article mainly states that adequate model needs to be repaired, which could be used as a rigorous testing tool for identifying and analysing the variable measurements in accounting sphere. This model could mainly help in testing and developing theoretical models, which could help in shifting from traceability to plausibility. The researcher has mainly identified the need for an effective testing tool, which might help in linking relevant theories and reduce the hindrance unavailability of sufficient resources. In this context, Dalton (2013) mentioned that development in the accounting period could mainly help in improving the current accounting measures and reduce any unethical conduct of an organisation. The development of an effective testing tool could mainly allow the theories and models to be tested rigorously, which might help in approving viability of the accounting sphere. Significance and Limitations of the article: The article mainly allows the reader to understand and acknowledge of positive accounting as a broader respective and concept. In addition, the article also helps in developing an intellectual research project, which could understand the cause and effect relationship (Smith et al. 2015). The study indicates that positive research program is a much wider and broader concept than positive accounting theory. The study also allows in understanding that both economics and accounting could be evaluated based on scientific research programs. However, the use of hypothesis testing is strictly argued in the article, as itdoes not provide adequate research outcome according to accounting theory. The article also states that gaining knowledge regarding accounting could be suitable for supporting the positive accounting research. Francis, Hasan and Wu (2013) mentioned that improvement in accounting concept could eventually help in reducing the unethical practices, which are conducted by companie s. The article mainly helps in panning out the gap between current practices of positive accounting theories.In addition, it also states that there is some absence of system optimisation, which needs to be rectified for improving rational insight of scientific research. The article many states that there is need of more adequate and prominent theoretical models, which are more reliable in nature and support the accounting approach. The researcher in the study also stated and proved that positive accounting theory could only be quantified by using qualitative models (Henderson et al. 2015). However, there are some limitations to the article, which mainly reduces viability of the study for improving positive accounting approach. The article mainly ignores the need for awareness of human behaviour in context of accounting, as it does not help in improving the accounting approach. Secondly, the article also lacks in gathering the adequate data from various sources, which could have been used in supporting or arguing the significance of positive accounting theory. The lacks of secondary and primary research has mainly reduced the overall viability of the article and depict the need for positive accounting research (Miller and Power 2013). Furthermore, rational that was provided by researcherregarding falsification of hypothesis testing is very weak. However, the article is not able to identify all the relevant gaps between actual practice of positive accounting research and the intellectual program in the study. Yet another drawback of the research is that it identifies sci entific project as slow, which might not help in improving the positive accounting research. Lastly, it could be understood that the article does not provide any justification or contributes any methods, which could be used in completing the scientific projects faster. In this context, Pearlin and Bierman (2013) argued that limitations mainly allow new researchers for improving the accounting concept and nullify any remaining limitations. Conclusion: The overall study has been evaluated both epistemology and ontology, as the aspect of positive accounting research. The study also states that different models, which has been developed is must not be tested by using the hypothesis-testing tool. With the help of this study, overall loopholes could be identified in accounting theory, which has been hampering the accounting practices. The article mainly stated and recommended that new theoretical models should be formulated for detailed testing on accounting variables. Furthermore, better analytical and measurement tool needs to be developed, which could help in analysing the accounting theories. Moreover,the article also stated that behaviour of human beings are rational, which cannot be accommodate by positive accounting theory. The article specifically stated that positive accounting programs should be prioritisedfor using qualitative aspects of accounting. This could mainly help in predicting adequate future performance of organisa tion. Thus, it could be understood that slight modification and positive accounting needs to be conducted for minimising the organisation errors which are presented by the accounting theory. Reference: Ball, R., 2013. Accounting informs investors and earnings management is rife: Two questionable beliefs.Accounting Horizons,27(4), pp.847-853. Beattie, V., 2014. Accounting narratives and the narrative turn in accounting research: Issues, theory, methodology, methods and a research framework.The British Accounting Review,46(2), pp.111-134. Bebbington, J., Unerman, J. and O'Dwyer, B., 2014.Sustainability accounting and accountability. Routledge. Bhaskar, R., 2013.A realist theory of science. Routledge. Blankespoor, E., Linsmeier, T.J., Petroni, K.R. and Shakespeare, C., 2013. Fair value accounting for financial instruments: Does it improve the association between bank leverage and credit risk?.The Accounting Review,88(4), pp.1143-1177. Bonin, H., 2013.Generational accounting: theory and application. Springer Science Business Media. Cervone, D. and Pervin, L.A., 2015.Personality, Binder Ready Version: Theory and Research. John Wiley Sons. Chen, L.H., Folsom, D.M., Paek, W. and Sami, H., 2013. Accounting conservatism, earnings persistence, and pricing multiples on earnings.Accounting Horizons,28(2), pp.233-260. Crawford, E.R. and Lepine, J.A., 2013. A configural theory of team processes: Accounting for the structure of taskwork and teamwork.Academy of Management Review,38(1), pp.32-48. Dalton, M., 2013.Men who manage: Fusions of feeling and theory in administration. Transaction Publishers. Francis, B., Hasan, I. and Wu, Q., 2013. The benefits of conservative accounting to shareholders: Evidence from the financial crisis.Accounting Horizons,27(2), pp.319-346. Henderson, S., Peirson, G., Herbohn, K. and Howieson, B., 2015.Issues in financial accounting. Pearson Higher Education AU. Miller, P. and Power, M., 2013. Accounting, organizing, and economizing: Connecting accounting research and organization theory.Academy of Management Annals,7(1), pp.557-605. Pearlin, L.I. and Bierman, A., 2013. Current issues and future directions in research into the stress process. InHandbook of the sociology of mental health(pp. 325-340). Springer Netherlands. Smith, R.A., Manassaram?Baptiste, D., Brooks, D., Doroshenk, M., Fedewa, S., Saslow, D., Brawley, O.W. and Wender, R., 2015. Cancer screening in the United States, 2015: A review of current American Cancer Society guidelines and current issues in cancer screening.CA: a cancer journal for clinicians,65(1), pp.30-54.